A core objective of cognitive science is to identify the mental processes that guide thought and behavior. Much research has focused on understanding these processes through the lens of utility and cognitive efficiency. Human and non-human species are often seen as striving toward learning, problem-solving, communication, and other goals by making optimal use of cognitive resources. However, many behaviors and mental processes are not a product of this ideal of efficiency and often deviate from it. Our first two symposia emphasize the critical need to address both cognitive efficiency and inefficiency as natural and influential aspects of processing and behavior. By exploring instances where cognitive processes and behavioral outputs appear suboptimal—particularly in the contexts of communication and social coordination—we invite a deeper examination of what constitutes “optimality” across different domains and settings. In doing so, we aim to broaden the understanding of cognitive processes by considering both efficient and inefficient pathways that shape thought and behavior.

We further propose a third symposium to address (in)efficiencies arising from disparities in research conditions across cognitive science laboratories and departments worldwide. This symposium will spotlight how unequal access to funding creates systemic barriers to global representation while showcasing cognitive scientists who produce impactful research despite facing disadvantaged material conditions. Our aim is to advocate for a more equitable approach that values contributions from researchers across diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, ultimately enriching the field as a whole.